灌水量对大麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

研究在大田条件下灌水量对大麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明:不同灌水量对大麦籽粒蛋白质性状的效应不明显;品种与灌水量的互作对大麦籽粒醇溶蛋白的作用达到显著水平;不同品种间在蛋白质及其各组分含量上均有不同程度的差异。说明大麦籽粒蛋白质性状的水分生理不敏感,对水分条件的适应性较强。     

‘扬州鹅’及其杂交配套组合体质量、体尺和羽绒产量测定及相关分析

为研究‘扬州鹅’及其杂交配套组合体重和体尺对羽绒产量的影响,为扬州鹅的选育提供依据,以70日龄罗扬鹅(L×Y)、卡扬鹅(K×Y)、浙扬鹅(Z×Y)和扬扬鹅(Y×Y)4个鹅群体为试验素材,测定其70日龄体质量、体尺及产绒性能并进行相关分析。结果表明:这种经济杂交方法不同程度的地提高了体重、体尺与产绒量。3个杂交配套组合的体重、半潜水长与胸宽均不同程度的大于对照组Y×Y组合,说明杂交可以在一定程度上提高体重与一些体尺性状;3个杂交组合的羽绒总重显著高于对照组Y×Y组合(P0.05),其中L×Y组合羽绒总重最大为144.71 g;L×Y组合与K×Y组合正羽重显著高于Z×Y组合与对照组Y×Y组合(P0.05);L×Y组合与Z×Y组合绒羽重显著高于K×Y组合与对照组Y×Y组合(P0.05)。通过体尺、体重与产绒性能关联分析,体重、半潜水长和胸深对产绒性能影响较大,相关性最高,体重和半潜水长与正羽重、绒羽重和羽绒总重均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。由此可见,这种经济杂交方法可以提高了鹅的羽绒产量,而且体重和体尺与正羽重、绒羽重和羽绒总重呈不同程度的相关性。     

Utilization of Intervarietal Chromosome Substitutions in Breeding Winter Wheat

Using monosomic lines of wheat cultivars ‘Palur’ and ‘Compal’ as recipient parents as well as disomic substitution lines of chromosomes 5A and 5D of the wheat cv. ‘Atlas 66’, F₃-populations and BC₁′- to BC₃′-populations with limited and free recombination of the 20 and 21 parental chromosomes, respectively, were realized and tested in field trials in comparison to the corresponding recipient cvs. ‘Palur’ and ‘Compal’. F₃- and BC'-populations with the homozygous chromosomes 5A and 5D of the wheat cv. ‘Atlas 66’ expressed higher and more stable grain protein values than the comparable populations with free recombination of the same chromosomes. The grain protein content of populations with limited recombination was significantly increased compared with the recipient cultivars. Some advantages of using intervarietal substitutions in wheat breeding are discussed.     

Genetic improvement in wheat yield and associated traits. A re-examination of previous results and the latest trends

Two field experiments were carried out with seven wheat cultivars (three of them, including a commercial hybrid, released during the last 10 years) representing different eras of plant breeding, to evaluate genetic improvement over the last century in grain yield, height, biomass, harvest index and grain yield components. Plots were fertilized and irrigated, and lodging and diseases were prevented. Main culm height was negatively correlated with the year of release of the cultivars, probably as a consequence of selection for increased lodging resistance. There was no significant association between total above-ground biomass and year of release of the cultivars. On the other hand, grain yield increased as newer cultivars were released. Results indicate that during recent years harvest index has been kept as the main attribute responsible for increases in grain yield. In general, number of grains/m² was associated with increases in grain yield during the century. However, the newest cultivars showed an increased grain weight. In both growing seasons, cultivars released before 1980 showed a trend towards reduced grain weight, but cultivars released after 1987 had a similar number of grains per m² with a higher grain weight than their predecessors. This was probably because the most modern cultivars have a longer grain-filling duration with a similar length of growth cycle.     

Inheritance of tree and fruit characters in progenies from crosses of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars

Summary Approximately 1000 seedlings from 20 combinations crossed in 1979, 1980 and 1981 (Theiler-Hedtrich 1985a) were tested for several characters: fruit set (yield), fruit size, fruit colour, formation of abscission layer and bleeding after fruit removal from fruit stalks, bacterial canker resistance, flowering and harvesting time. From progeny of crosses with Stella as pollinator, 56% (Vittoria × Stella) and 46% (Schüttler × Stella) of the seedlings were self-compatible, of which 14 were high yielding with good fruit size and quality. From the data recorded it can be concluded:fruit set is a recessive character; only 5 to 20% of very good yielding seedlings were obtained in different progeny, even if the parental plants were both very good croppers.Fruit juice and skin colour was in most progenies ‘black’ even if they were from combinations with ‘white’ varieties, e.g., Merton Glory or Schüttler. Only from the combination Schiittler (‘white’) × Stella (‘black’), 50% of the seedlings were ‘white’; Stella therefore is heterozygous for the character of fruit juice and skin colour.Fruit size is evenly distributed in progeny with respect to the fruit size of their parent plants.Abscission layer formation and non-bleeding is a genetically complex character. In combinations where both parent plants formed fruits with complete abscission layers and which were not bleeding after fruit removal from the stalk, this character was inherited only to 50% (Vittoria × Schüttler) or 85% (Vittoria × Frühe von der Weid) in the progeny. For the genetical control of this character further studies are necessary.Bacterial canker susceptibility was evenly distributed in seedlings from all combinations even if the highly resistant cv. Vittoria was used as one parent plant, thereby not confirming the expected results of a higher proportion of resistant seedlings from combinations with Vittoria.Flowering and harvest time of the seedlings from different combinations was within the range of the parent plants. Only in the combination of Vittoria × Stella (mid-to late-ripening season) one seedling out of 99 was found to form ripe fruits two weeks earlier than the parental plants. From the seedlings tested 40 have been chosen for further evaluation or genetical studies.     

A recurrent selection programme for grain yield in winter barley

Summary The effect of a recurrent selection procedure was evaluated in a winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) population. Cycle zero (C₀) was initiated by crossing six high yielding winter barley cultivars with the short straw cv Onice. The F₁'s were crossed according to a diallel scheme without reciprocals. A total of 750 S₀ plants were derived and evaluated; 329 S₀ plants were selected and their progenies (S₁ lines) tested. Fifteen S₁ lines were chosen and used as parents of cycle 1 (C₁), by producing 105 F₁ hybrids which simulated a random mating offspring. One hundred and three randomly chosen S₁ lines belonging to C₀, and 103 S₁ lines belonging to C₁, were evaluated at two locations.For grain yield a significant difference between cycles was observed. From C₀ to C₁ the grain yield increased with 307 g/m². This increase was due to a higher number of seeds per m². For plant height, heading date and 100-kernel weight no differences between cycles were observed.The positive results obtained in this study indicate the potential usefulness of recurrent selection for developing parents or lines superior for grain yield, with little change in other important agronomic traits.     

辐照技术在储粮害虫防治中的应用

辐照杀虫是利用电离辐射与害虫的相互作用所产生的物理、化学和生物效应,导致害虫不育或死亡的一种物理防虫技术.用于辐照杀虫处理的射线主要是γ射线(60Co或137Cs)、10 MeV以下电子束以及5 MeV以下的X射线,其中钴源辐照杀虫产业化发展迅速,电子束和X射线辐照发展相对滞后,随着近年来加速器技术的进步,电子束辐照杀虫显示出独特的优势,并受到越来越广泛的重视.辐照对不同储粮害虫、同一种储粮害虫的不同发育时期和性别有着不同的生物学效应,总体来看储粮害虫对辐照较为敏感:不同害虫的辐射敏感性顺序为:鞘翅目＞蜱螨目＞鳞翅目;同种害虫不同虫态的敏感性顺序为:卵、幼虫＞蛹＞成虫;雌性害虫的敏感性大于雄性害虫.粮食辐照杀虫工艺流程一般包括:辐照前处理、虫情调查、剂量决策、辐照处理、辐照后管理和重复辐照等几个部分.在辐照杀虫的工艺剂量(0.3～0.5 kGy)条件下,辐照对粮食的食用品质和功能特性没有影响,辐照后的粮食也不存在卫生安全性问题.因此,辐照杀虫技术作为一种安全有效的储粮害虫防治手段,是储粮化学药剂的一种重要补充和替代,在储粮害虫防治领域有着巨大的市场前景.     

射频识别技术在粮食供应链体系中的应用研究

将射频识别技术应用于粮食供应链系统中,力求实现供应链体系运行的快速与高效.介绍了射频识别技术的基本原理及特点,在此基础上构建了粮食供应链管理系统的系统模型,并给出了粮食供应链管理系统的系统架构,以及基于射频识别技术的实现过程,最后对现存的问题和相应对策进行了概述.     

Yield, yield components and plant architecture in the F3 generation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from a cross between the determinate cultivar ‘Prelude’ and an indeterminate landrace

Growth trials were conducted outdoors in the UK to determine the yield, yield components and plant architectural differences between determinate and indeterminate Phaseolus vulgaris bean plants. F3 lines derived from crosses between ‘Prelude’, a determinate cultivar and ‘V8’, an indeterminate landrace, were grown together with the parents and ‘Carioca’, an indeterminate landrace from Brazil. Data were recorded on flowering date, number of nodes on main stem at flowering, plant height at maturity, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/plant, 100-seed weight, seed mass/plant, percentages of diseased and healthy seeds/plant. Determinate F3 lines had significantly lower (P < 0.05) seed mass/plant, fewer pods/plant, fewer seeds/pod, fewer seeds/plant, lower harvest index, shorter stems, earlier date of flowering, fewer nodes at flowering and fewer healthy seeds/plant than indeterminate F3 lines. However, determinate genotypes had significantly larger (P < 0.05) pods to accommodate their larger seeds compared with indeterminate lines. A similar situation was found when the yield and yield components of ‘V8’, ‘Prelude’ and ‘Carioca’ were evaluated; the highest seed mass/plant was given by ‘V8’ and the lowest by ‘Prelude’. Furthermore, some indeterminate genotypes with Type IV growth habit yielded significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the high-yielding parent, ‘V8’, indicating a positive influence on seed yield by crossing different genotypes.     

以湖南和湖北大豆[Glycine max（L.）Merr.]为例分析影响遗传多样性评价的因素

以不同来源大豆种质为材料进行基因组SSR分析，探讨大豆遗传多样性研究方法，旨在为科学评价大豆种质资源提供参考。当取样比例相同时，湖北大豆的遗传丰富度显著高于湖南大豆，但两省大豆遗传多样性指数之间没有显著差异。当取样量相同时，利用随机取样法比较，湖南大豆的遗传多样性显著高于湖北，而利用聚类取样比较，两省大豆的遗传多样性没有显著差异。在遗传多样性指数相同情况下，湖北大豆的遗传丰富度显著高于湖南大豆。取样数与三个遗传多样性评价参数（等位变异数、Shannon指数、He）之间均达到显著和极显著相关。以湖南大豆为例，估算出在大豆SSR遗传多样性分析中，至少需要50~60个样本，即占总体9.0%~10.8%的取样比例，才能代表总体的遗传变异。提出在评价大豆遗传多样性时，应用大豆样本数对其遗传多样性指数计算公式进行修正，建议将Shannon指数计算公式改为H＝－lnN ∑P_i lnP_i (N为样本数)。根据修正公式分析，结果表明，湖北大豆的遗传多样性高于湖南大豆。